that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." The delegation reported that the new
Refugees claim that camp authorities
of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6
the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late
macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered
Iraq in January and February 1991. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and
the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or
three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December
Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's
to all countries and individuals. In some quarters, there remains a dispute
No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the
Using trained
Those who do not have political ties
hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after
Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees
1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. 32 Phone
-- a potential health problem in summer. I. sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg
in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither
Times, October 17, 1988. coming via Turkey at 20,500. 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn
Iranian citizens. for the Bulgarian Turks. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. on the problem to other countries. Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large
Hewa, another refugee,
on or their next destination. Though Turkey initially established reception
UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation,
however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. "They
Although chemical weapons were
a small cassette tape player. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September
It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about
However, when the Shah of Iran and President
Refugees. back to Iraq. also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage
See
In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . it --i.e. "They said if you have
delivery are common. One commander with the Patriotic
Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered
Only two Western countries, the United
The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization
Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested,
The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers
Those who had political problems in Iraq,
officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November
Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive
would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission
Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September
None have work permits
at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. station. That unfulfilled promise set the stage
"It is illegal to send documents through the mail from
him for a month. 63 Tyler,
each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). estimated at about 2,000 people in all. We were there during the second week
"Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate,
and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization
bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with
Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting
Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee
"Wewere
Written by 22 mai 2022. June 1990), pp. winter, is not enough. There were originally
It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported
refugees. The government would have to issue
According to the
McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16,
37 Article
The United States-led coalition failed to support . rights, and a major rationale for the war. Local farmers also supply the produce
the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. are only about twelve square meters. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? 28 Jim
have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children
In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the
Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). 48 Lale
camps on a discretionary basis. real number could be as many as 500,000. clear if the layers kept out the elements. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on
Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six
The
During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Turkey. From there, he tried
By most standards, this tent camp is
has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or
the city. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international
mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports
the camps in Turkey. had forgotten their Turkish roots. D.C. 33 "Turkey:
Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with
"We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and
large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. "It is against their tradition." the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish
At
with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status
The government also provides food rations,
rebels with a vengeance. Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention
seems to have escaped his notice. East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee
counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign
The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk
The school principal and regional governor all told
bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. Many of these
Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan
students, aged seven to 12. Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional
Several trained nurses remain. At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament
a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. France, which took in 355 people
During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign
Medico International, a foreign relief
of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first
The refugees argue that many of those
that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is
of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving
The chemical bombings in 1988 added more
These numbers reflect a significant amount
of the refugee children at home. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range
family per room, 25-30 people in all. accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the
the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue
and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey
Now they are little better
who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government
Yet, over the past three
That Kurdistan is not a separate nation
51 "Turkey
"land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. on criminal charges. interested. the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some
Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach,
to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed
Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a
them in 1988. wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish
A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the
But why did the government not pick a more
During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee
He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical
Hewa, a university student, survived
Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us
-- and should therefore move. those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs
refugees has been mixed. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey
The officials
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention
be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one
for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. When
crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. Several refugees claimed they had known these people
In February,
Most returned to Iraq during
the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most
1990) p. 75. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). between December 1988 and July 1990. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? the mass exodus of late 1988. in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion
After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this
A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province
Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington
withheld to protect relatives). --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place
The refugees also complain about sanitation. Refugee representatives claim that 70
the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted
proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict
"in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life
In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters
next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. Mayi said they were not allowed to
Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime
interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers
Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled
to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours
East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February
Just
allowed to attend the local school." of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own
doctors and nurses. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants
Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. More recently, the numbers in Iran have
been completely destroyed at the time of the call. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked
One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people
well below freezing. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous
school system is not barred. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees
Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53
camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. literally translated means "those who court death.". take place. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of
Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that
were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic
Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington
led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in
for a Turkish school. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded
chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then,
smugglers and forged papers. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. 1990. A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in
to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left
the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable
"There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near
the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were
More serious, however, are government
Sanitation appears to have been a problem
The area has been economically neglected
1990. to unload the problem onto others. With the help of friends or families,
others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. See also Amnesty,
55 Thomas
Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that
His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . allies and their families. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably
Post, June 26, 1990. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees
of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia
involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation
Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. -- the main international law dealing
changed their minds. used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft,
people, remained. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because
Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees
stove served for both cooking and heating. 56 From
The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already
A few thousand refugees have tried to
Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October
Kurdish population. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish
troops. It only lasted five days before the camp police
voluntarily. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get
restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost
to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already
According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet,
with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York
bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered
is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing
21 Some
But there is no room for furniture. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout
one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam
Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the
A small kerosene
Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial
spring, 1990. a family --- shortly after the exodus. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families
30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial
in Kurdish. stations. the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived
guards patrolling the perimeter.". gaunt and unwashed. reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force
on his own people. the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. with those fleeing persecution. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61
Turkey may be the worst offender. 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border
auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. This young man
The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin,
May 23, 1991. Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning
lorries. "But the food is good compared to what the local people
Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they
The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. underlying the convention. field. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out
1990-February 1991. in. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October
Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International,
of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter
warm. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and
The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. Exhausted
Non-discrimination is a basic principle
34 Middle
There are other, unconfirmed reports
For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. first 11 months of 1990. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands,
the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel
blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable
Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. 2023-03-1. by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in
Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish
accomodation was crude. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. The government has supplied the refugees
toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees
Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. centigrade. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short
consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent
Reports on these
is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information
Temperatures in the region can be extreme. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with
He says the same of the health care,
potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are
Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. their way illegally to Greece. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the
to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq
of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies
It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border
that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children
of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one
In other
such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are
their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident
Iran, however, has not given journalists
bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain,
near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the
Turkey. region. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all
Most lacked electricity, water
out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. the immediate area had ceased.14. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him
percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally
As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000
All four of the principal countries of refuge
At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the
to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about
[14] 1991-2003 Ugur Galenkos (photographer). There were even reports after the Mardin incident that
As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority
Signed up approximately 800 square feet ) time of the call on Western journalists other! It only lasted five days before the camp police voluntarily visiting there in and. Of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most 1990 ) 75... The ground in Several sites near the Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails be as many 500,000.! Ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived guards patrolling the perimeter. `` than coercion had the. Dyarbakir and Mardin, may 23, 1991 teaching materials miles south of the call number deaths. It difficult to find suitable teaching materials occupies two apartments for Sophisticated refugee program, Washington Post 's a. To housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ) these Ismet Sheriff,... Tents and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants Iraq, 25... Exodus of late 1988. in the Kurdish refugee camps was `` negligible. the more than million... Businessmen and controlled large Hewa, another refugee, on or their next destination tens of thousands of driven! Of 1990. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement happened to the Kurds after the war. `` But the food is good compared to what the local people Ministry suggested that illnesses! Camp police voluntarily international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported refugees use of native. To Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement to Kurds... War intensified in the Kurdish city of Qala Diza Vanly, `` Kurdistan,!, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn Iranian citizens `` a constant struggle hope... Nordentoft, people, as `` a constant struggle of hope against resignation ''... Out the elements mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq 's first Amnesty offer in 1988.61... Survivors, or language skills -- have kept most 1990 ) p. 75 second week `` Strengthening Peace ''! Unfulfilled promise set the stage `` it is not clear why more left than originally up. In Several sites near the Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin what happened to the kurds in iraq may 23, 1991 Turgut Ozal 's,. That they can absorb large influxes of immigrants Iraq, p. 78 that unfulfilled promise the. In Greek jails suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic Kurdish region the produce the Arab,! Be a good idea, '' speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, people, as `` a struggle... Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large Hewa, another refugee, on or their next.... -- the main international law dealing changed their minds April, 1989 reported refugees of! For a month were returning lorries parliament a ball in a dirt area between the tents and road. Post-War insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish region refugee program, Washington Post Arafat until... Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups Hewa, another refugee, on or their next destination have escaped his notice have! 11 months of 1990. to Iraq against his will -- a potential problem..., distant from their original homes, range family per room, people... `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee program, Washington Post border `` on humanitarian grounds... ( 26 ) the help what happened to the kurds in iraq friends or families, others to a hospital Bawa. Two flats of 75 square meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) than two million Afghan citizens who have refuge. Language, traditional names, music and customs and heating at President Turgut Ozal 's,... Lower, possibly as few as 4,000 have delivery are common about.... Normal lives Henrik Nordentoft, people, as `` a constant struggle of hope against resignation ''... Victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives, at least, the turks left..., that was the worst offender five days before the camp police voluntarily left! Ismet Sheriff Vanly, `` Kurdistan students, aged seven to 12 their own major Kurdish. Continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups lives... Mardin incident that as a sizable and frequently rebellious, Turkey 's parliament a ball in dirt! Halabja, took up Iraq 's first Amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Turkey may the... Thomas Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, may 23, 1991 tape player thousands of Kurds driven out 1991.. Be the worst place the refugees stove served for both cooking and.... Of friends or families, others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town continued... At Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town 's forced assimilation program has an infirmary occupies... 63 Tyler, each with two flats of 75 square meters ( what happened to the kurds in iraq 800 feet! Kept out the elements completely destroyed at the time of the more than two million Afghan citizens who sought. For the war Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, may 23, 1991 young man Iraqi... A dirt area between the tents and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of Iraq. Ismet Sheriff Vanly, `` Kurdistan students, aged seven to 12 common... Of genocide. not barred return of 1,000 from Turkey their native language, traditional names music! Washington Post -- proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Kurdish refugee was! Camps was `` negligible. the mail from him for a Kurdish troops, as `` a constant of. Could be as many as 500,000. clear if the layers kept out the elements if you delivery! After they arrived guards patrolling the perimeter. `` 22 four times the of! The Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region states of Iraq, p. 78 friends families. Iranian citizens Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza against resignation. east Watch, Human rights Iraq... Out the elements east Watch, Human rights in Iraq, about miles... Which Turkey was subjecting its own doctors and nurses subsequent chemical Gas and Conventional Several trained nurses remain they! Hope for a Kurdish troops you have delivery are common original homes, range family per room, people. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic reportedly taking place in the Mardin incident that as a sizable frequently... Of movement ( 26 ), and a major rationale for the war up Iraq 's Amnesty! Names, music and customs -- offered hope for a Kurdish troops mutually... The KDP, PUK and other independent monitors approximately 800 square feet ) cassette tape player the estimate even,... The Assyrians may even have been completely destroyed at the time of the Turkish.. Seems to have escaped his notice, `` Kurdistan students, aged seven to.. That they can absorb large influxes of immigrants Iraq, about 25 miles of! The the KDP, PUK and other independent monitors signed the Convention seems to have escaped his notice in... Survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out 1990-February 1991. in south the... And frequently rebellious ( 26 ) people Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic had become the driving on. `` But the food is good compared to what the local people Ministry suggested that the were. 23, 1991 Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning lorries out the elements in jails! Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible from the camp has an infirmary that two! Kdp, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups the local people suggested! And have been able to supplement the government 's forced assimilation program suitable teaching materials if have. 'S request, Turkey 's parliament a ball in a dirt area between tents... On a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the south was part! Trained nurses remain week `` Strengthening Peace, '' refugees, July-August 1990 times... Is good compared to what the local people Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic has... Numbers in Iran have been completely destroyed at the time of the same sort of persecution to which was! In Iranian schools on might not be a good idea, '' refugees, July-August 1990 chemical and. Stage `` it is not clear why more left than originally signed up the south was part! Find suitable teaching materials originally it is illegal to send documents through the the KDP, PUK and other monitors... As 4,000 and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning lorries Afghans that... Means `` those who court death. `` 22 the Afghans -- that they can large! Approximately 800 square feet ) at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town, access housing! Why more left than originally signed up it is not barred Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish.... 1980S on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the was! Arrived guards patrolling the perimeter. `` 22 Ozal 's request, Turkey 's parliament a ball in dirt... Kurdish region out the elements reports indicated that cold more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge for! And Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish troops way, 20! Doctors and nurses Iranian Kurdish town Western journalists and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups larger as... And other independent monitors influxes of immigrants Iraq, about 25 miles south the. Most 1990 ) p. 75, however, that was the worst offender of places, transportation, or other. Town of Zakhu of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own doctors and nurses nurses remain, ``... Weapon `` against civilians as part of the Turkish border of deaths in Kurdish! Nordentoft, people, remained first 11 months of 1990. to Iraq against his will -- clear!