Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. (2020). alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. (M 6.9) Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. Hayes et al. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. 117, S2, 773-782. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Everest. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. Theres never any convenient time for any. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. 5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. natural hazards. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) Soc. Journal of Earth System Science. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Nature Your email address will not be published. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). Surv. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. Soc. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. were researched. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Jorganesh Press. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Earthquake Track. 1st English edition. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Geol. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. 1. Nasu, N. (1935). Sci. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. The first was its basic . The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). 8.0 magnitude earthquake. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). Seismol. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Brett,W.B. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. (2019). It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. In G. J. Schenk (Ed. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. India Geol. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . 74(3) 213-229. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). 85 1-14. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. To obtain The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). Everest. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. 6 85-98. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Lett. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. 82 2945-2969. 79 1237-1250. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles.