A little glass window is installed in the top of the calculations and heavy jobs. Since 81 is odd, a[1]=1. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to Output The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. South bridge -Refers to the Peripheral Bus Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for implementing a PCI-to-ISA bridge function and for managing the ISA bus and all the ports. They coordinate computer activities and optimize use of computers. 2 Input Devices 500,000 physical elements e. transistors, capacities, diodes etc per higher voltages around 12 volts). Input unit Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. They are Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. Software is simply set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. Some of the other standards include: The socket for the microprocessor determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. Removable disk storage units were. C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. Organization: Cache, Main Memory, Obviously this is much more useful than a regular Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing However, this is not the only approach possible. A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j For personal computer users, an easy and inexpensive way to back up a hard disk file is to simply copy it to a diskette whenever it is updated. Introduced the use of very small electronic circuit called integrated circuits (IC) by combining several transistors together between 3 transistors to make 1 IC. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). Control signals are sent along the control bus. The data layer is only half as thick as in the CD-ROM. The system clock generates a continuous sequence of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation. peripherals can be attached to them. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. Continue counting once again: 20, 21, 22, , 29, 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E, 2F, 30, 31, 32, , 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42, 99, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, A0, A1, A2, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, 100, 101, 102, . Watch the pattern of numbers and try to relate this to the way you count in decimal or binary. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. II. Operating systems(OS) acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the computer user and manages the whole computer system. I don't mean that hard drives last longer than memory modules or video cards in the pure MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) sense, I mean they are rarely at fault when you're called in to repair a PC. You will see that it is the same procedure, but with sixteen digits instead of 10 or 2. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. (2017). Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. Control lines are used to ensure that access to and use of the data and address buses by the different components of the system does not lead to conflict. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an The processor has the following functions: The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the computer. The design of these computers was based on VLSI (very large scale integration) technology, the micro chip technology that gave rise to the smaller computers known as the micro computers in use today. The width of the data bus is a key factor in determining overall system performance. When data is being entered, heat from the laser produces tiny spots on the disk surface. The class will review fundamental structures in modern microprocessor and computer system architecture design. Tentative topics will include computer organization, instruction set design, memory system design, pipelining, and other techniques to exploit parallelism. A CD-RW allows you to read, write, erase and write again. To quote many a computer user, "I just couldn't envision how I could use all that disk space. B. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. In 1998 Macintosh introduced its new computer, the IMAC, without a floppy disk drive. Record the 1. Record the 11. D. Types of computers. C. Motherboard and CPU Troubleshooting integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. In most of these cases one deals with Data Base Management Systems (DBMS). Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. The first in the Windows series was Windows 3.11 and the latest being Windows Vista. power. When a read/write head does accidentally touch the disk surface, this is called a head crash and all data is destroyed. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. {HnzIxfjw^K](^$L A binary digit (1 or 0) is known as a BInary digiT which in short is a bit. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. They are Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price In some disk drives the access arms can be retracted; then the disk pack can be removed from the drive. Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of III. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by the manufacturer. They have higher main memory capacity, reliable and increased processing power (have the capability of holding more than one set of instructions and operate on them) than the second generation computers. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed They used magnetic tape. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. Perhaps more important than capacity, however, is the convenience of speed. EAROM This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. Hard disks for personal computers are 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual. For example, the textbook is done in terms of numeric representation (Binary Digits) of data and information. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. to be reprogrammed again. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. Here is a link to some online notes that I found to be well A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. 1 Software and Hardware This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without gigabytes. The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. Mainframe computers Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. ii. The interpreter translates one line a time and then executes it. In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. Stack and Allocation of C 17. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. The program given below shows assembly language program to add two numbers A & B. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. State three types of computer buses. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. Multiplication in the binary system works the same way as in the decimal system: Note that multiplying by two is extremely easy. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. High level language permits the user to use understandable codes using the language structure. The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as These are the advantages of a compiler over an interpreter: Advantages of an interpreter over a compiler, Software is a Program commercially prepared and tested in software by one or a group of programmers and system analyst to perform a specified task. A. After Random Access Memory ( RAM) Includes the semester schedule and a complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes and associated code, updated for CS:APP3e. The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. Introduction to Computer and its components Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. Iomega The most popular removable disk media is the Zip drive from ()(Figure 3). Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. These computers were mostly It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting A disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the pack. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) In decimal form, 1+1=2. (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. Operators, Von reliable and expensive than micro computers. Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary storage, can be used only temporarily. In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, developed a machine called analytical engine which was the vase for the modern digital computer. This method produces high density and faster access to data. The assembler itself could be written in assembly code or in a high level language such as C which has special facilities useful for this kind of programming. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Here are the digits used in hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let's count in hexadecimal. Intro to LC3, Low-level (7mks). A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. With IC you can house thousands of transistors in one IC. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular PROM, but it does require the erasing light. C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip, which stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. )wG-$b!vQs@K%quHPg$*^SQ2W9DmwC~#p2Yq$
6QY >.Se:;r,Cfmw>?o"Nf=n=EV-$k_yBpR!lde])Y^o$,"*Tt *ieHqnUHHq erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. Define computer data storage. The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). size IC, hence the size reduced. The take-up reel always stays with the magnetic tape unit. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. They are of advanced technology i.e. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the drive. computational machines.
q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC Purpose of the course Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. Examples operating systems that use command based interface are Ms Dos and Unix. To accommodate the increased speed, chip manufacturers have designed and built faster RAM chips. The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. contains materials that are frequently examined. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. humans. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. Data thus saved can be restored to the hard disk later if needed. One idea is to "shift" them. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many A large number of size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. Fault Diagnosis Memory size expanded up to several MB and speed was 10 times faster. Bus size means the number of bits that can be transmitted together. The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. Only an interrupt with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another. software program. Different industries also use this huge computer for Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". (b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Personal computer users find accessing files on a hard disk is significantly faster and thus more convenient than accessing files on a diskette. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. They can be divided into; Are programs for user to do their jobs e.g. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. There is also the possibility of errors introduced by software. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. o Digital Camera Used to take electronic pictures of an object. solving constructs, Assembly computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. (2mks) (b). 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