On 4 February 1846—the same day Charles Shumway ferried across the Mississippi River from Nauvoo, starting the Church’s exodus west—the ship Brooklyn sailed from New York harbor. On September 12, 1846, occurred the battle of Nauvoo. Nauvoo deaths by year, 1839–47 In 1838 the Missouri militia had contemplated a court-martial against Smith, an action that might have been illegal had it been carried out, as Smith was only a civilian at that time. … In 1839, Joseph Smith relocated his followers from a hostile environment in Missouri to Commerce, Illinois, which he renamed Nauvoo. [2] The Legion was organized into two regiments (called cohorts) of infantry and one regiment of cavalry. It arrived in Salt Lake in 1852. A 6-pound iron cannon, probably the other battalion cannon and a smaller, but similar, 2 pound cannon were in the warehouse. [citation needed] (Antonga Black Hawk was a Ute and has no connection to the Illinois Sauk chief Black Hawk of the 1830s.) Tribulations and hardships were many as the winter set in early and the Mormon refugees were without the proper food, clothing and shelter. Sometimes they could leave peaceably to continue their search. Though the Church was forced westward in search of a new home, their presence in the town lingered long enough to allow their legacy to survive the persecution they suffered in the nineteenth century. By the summer of 1846, the only people left in Nauvoo were a few hundred Latter-day Saints, most of whom were poor, sick or otherwise incapable of beginning the trek west. Depiction of the Battle of Nauvoo by C.C.A. The town of Nauvoo itself was a sparsely populated settlement at the time, home mostly to Mormons too poor or ill to travel west with Brigham Young’s main branch of the Church. Having barricaded the roads into the town, the mob settled in for a siege, and both they and the defenders took potshots at each other throughout the skirmish. January 21, 2016 Publisher. His topic will be The Battle of Nauvoo. On September 10, 1846, a mob of about 1,000 anti-Mormons besieged Nauvoo. The most common musket issued to these militiamen was the Model 1816 Musket. At its peak, the militia had, by conservative estimates, at least 2,500 troops, in comparison to the approximately 8,500 troops within the entire United States Army as of 1845. Beginning in early February 1846, Mormons left Nauvoo for a new home in the west. Finally, on September 16, church leaders, Daniel H. Wells paramount among them, concluded Nauvoo could not hold out, and sought peace terms with the mob. On February 2nd 1846 the migration west began. The Church reacquired the temple lot in 1937 and rebuilt the Nauvoo Temple on its original site in 2002. Learn how this 1846 period of conflict was seen throughout the country, how it affected the politics of the time, and what its lasting legacy has turned out to be. The Battle of Nauvoo is said to be the final, sad chapter of the early Latter-day Saint experience in western Illinois. The so-called Battle of Nauvoo was one in a long list of struggles for the LDS Church as its members traveled ever westward in search of a homestead of their own. Consequently, members of the Church were located in Nauvoo a little more than 7 years. A small artillery piece, an 1841 12-pound mountain howitzer was issued to the territorial militia. Read another story from us: These Descendants of Civil War Veterans Still Remember the War Stories of Their Fathers. On 31 July 1846, these Saints, led by Sam Brannon, reached Yerba Buena (present-day San Francisco), a … After two days of battle, a peace delegation from Quincy arranged the terms of surrender for the City of Nauvoo. The Legion tended to be very top-heavy, in that there was a disproportionate number of high-ranking officers to regular soldiers. During this time, Parley P. Pratt was actually only in Nauvoo approximately 2 … Nauvoo was officially abandoned and the last remaining citizens had vacated Nauvoo by September 17, 1846, under gunfire and cannon artillery barrage as Illinois and Missouri militia and mobs raided and burned Nauvoo to the ground (citation needed). From 1846 to 1847 Wells remained in the Nauvoo area attempting to negotiate financial compensation on behalf of exiled Latter-day Saints. In 1894, the former Utah Territorial Militia was reactivated and officially designated the Utah National Guard. All three Spanish cannons, which were brought to Salt Lake City on pallets, were mounted on carriages copied from the mountain howitzer carriage, probably in preparation for the Mormon defense against Johnston's army in 1857. With his permission, two units of the reorganized Nauvoo Legion were gainfully employed by the United States to protect western mail and telegraph lines from Indian attacks in what is today Utah and Wyoming, but saw no action. After the prophet, Joseph Smith, was murdered in 1844, local mobs continued to persecute the Mormons, causing undeserved suffering amongst the Nauvoo citizens. Earlier in the spring, several thousand Mormons had left the town to travel westward. Fleeing from years of violent persecution by non-Mormons, the Mormons set up the city of Nauvoo under the aegis of their prophet, Joseph Smith, the founder and first prophet of the Church. After the men were released from service in 1847, they headed for home, many stopping for temporary employment at Sutter's Fort. Battle of Nauvoo: Sept. 12-17, 1846 Mary Ann Stearns Winter recorded, “Our home was only one block from the Temple and we could hear the reports given out by the sentinel on the tower, to the guards on the grounds below. Twenty Mormon militiamen and many Native Americans died in the Walker War. Christensen, which occurred from June 10, 1844 to September 16, 1846. In exchange, the Mormons would leave the city as fast as they could. The Nauvoo Legion in Illinois was able to draw on Federal stands of arms. It was nicknamed the "Old Sow" and is on display at the Church History Museum in Salt Lake City. New Books From The Nauvoo Press . It was carried to Salt Lake by the early party that occasionally used it as a speakers podium. Nauvoo, ville des États-Unis , dans le comté de Hancock sur le Mississippi, aux confins de l'Iowa. The Nauvoo Legion never gathered again, and the 1887 Edmunds-Tucker Act permanently disbanded it. A full-scale battle ensued, with cannon, rifle, and musket called into use. 1. The iron Spanish 2 and 6 pound cannons remain in storage in Salt Lake City. Five 1803 Harpers Ferry rifles were issued to the hunters of company A. Diary of Brigham Young, 1857. In the summer of 1846 there were about six hundred Saints in Nauvoo, most of whom had been unable to get away. One motive for the higher rank was to prevent Smith from being tried in a court-martial by officers of lesser rank. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum surrendered at the Carthage, Illinois jail, with the promise of protection from Governor Thomas Ford and the Carthage Greys, the local state militia in Hancock County. It was a scandalous paper that called for Joseph Smith to be hung. Three of the fewer than 150 Mormon defenders were killed, and skirmishing left wounded on … In 2001 three Spanish guns were identified in the LDS Church storage facility in Salt Lake City. The temple was dedicated in the spring of 1846. Between February and September 1846, thousands of Latter-day Saints departed Nauvoo, Illinois. Today the mountain howitzer is on display in the Fort Douglas museum in Salt Lake City. Led by Thomas Brockman, a mob of about a thousand settlers from nearby towns and villages gathered to kick out the Mormons of Nauvoo. After a fairly mild January of 1846, February brought below-normal, bone-chilling temperatures to Nauvoo, Illinois, just as the mass exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Rocky Mountains began. On June 7, 1844, William Law, a disaffected Mormon, published the first and only edition of the Nauvoo Expositor. In 1844, after a controversy where the An area memorialized by the somber Far West cemetery and LDS Temple. He served as Brigham Young's bodyguard, and in 1854 Brigham Young made Hickman sheriff of the newly formed Green River County. In the last month of his life, June 1844, Joseph Smith declared martial law in Nauvoo in response to various civil disturbances and initially deployed the Nauvoo Legion to defend the city, only to restrain the Legion from any action later. Their sojourn in Illinois was not one of those times. On February 4, the first wave of covered wagons ferried across the freezing Mississippi River. The Battle of Nauvoo Revisited Kenneth W. Godfrey Hancock County's Anti-Mormon Party met on 9 January 1847, believing its work not quite finished. Sites on Nauvoo's eastern and southern edges turned into a battlefield in September 10-16, 1846 in another wave of anti-Mormon sentiment. Mobs forced this last group from the city in mid-September, 1846, in what came to be known as "the battle of Nauvoo." The remaining stragglers’ continued presence in the town angered the locals in surrounding settlements, and in standard American fashion, they gathered their arms to force the Mormons out of their state the hard way. While thousands of Church members headed West in 1846 — searching for a peaceful spot to worship and start new lives — several hundred stayed behind. Mobs forced this last group from the city in mid-September, In 1894, in anticipation of statehood, the non-sectarian Utah National Guard was organized as Utah's official state militia. Title "Mormon Panorama Nineteen/The Battle of Nauvoo" Creator: Christensen, C. C. A. At this time there were in the city not more than a hundred and fifty Mormons and about … Federal troops dispatched in response to the 1870 Ghost Dance ensured Shaffer's order was enforced. [citation needed]. From February through September of 1846, thousands of Latter-day Saints abandoned Nauvoo, fleeing to the West in barges and ferries across the Mississippi River. The Battle of Nauvoo was the final chapter in the forceful expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo. Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library, 1980 found online at: Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=328944, http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/BYUIBooks/id/3168, "Uniforms and Equipment of the Black Hawk War and the Mormon War", "Nauvoo Legion, 1840–1845 — A Unique Military Organization", "Series 2210: Territorial Militia Records, 1849–1877, 1905–[ca.1917]", List of Reorganized Restorationist churches, Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history, Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauvoo_Legion&oldid=1000193416#After_the_death_of_Joseph_Smith, History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Military units and formations established in 1840, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah, Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Protect Mormon settlers from domestic and foreign enemies, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 01:45. There are however some reported incidents in diaries of Saints concerning gunfire exchange between legion members and mobs during the Nauvoo era (citation needed). Fig. On June 10, Joseph Smith as mayor and the city council met to decide what to do. The valiant defense of the Saints is thus described by Bancroft: On the 10th of September the posse, now more than a thousand strong, with wagons, equipments, and every preparation for a campaign, approached Nauvoo and encamped at Hunter's farm. "The stuff that we found and the locations that we found it really helps to give a much better understanding of the Battle of Nauvoo in September of 1846, … The Nauvoo Legion survived the loss of its commanding officer, Joseph Smith, when Brigham Youngautomatically assumed command as the new church president in August 1844, though he had never previously been active in Legion activities because Young was in England on a proselytizing mission for several years and only returned home to Nauvoo when hearing of the prophet's death to assist the family and church and citizens of Nauvoo during that sad tragedy (citation needed). The makeshift nature of both the attacking and defending “armies” meant few lives were lost, though both sides sustained casualties. It described in lurid prose all the evil things they suspected Joseph and other leaders of doing. Ammunition for the makeshift gun was so scarce that the defenders scavenged rounds fired by the attacking mob. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Mormon Battalion (United States Army) (1846–1847), Mormon Battalion – five companies (534–559), Utah Territorial Military Commander Robert T. Burton, Utah Territorial Governor Stephen S. Harding. period in Nauvoo between 1839 and 1846 is the 1842 Census. In 1846, just as the Latter Day Saints were beginning to depart Nauvoo, Illinois, Bidamon moved to Nauvoo. Iowa: Bitter Beginning Of the entire trek to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, it was the first 300 miles across Iowa that most tried the stamina and courage of the Latter-day Saint pioneers. 159 years later, on April 1, 2004, the Illinois House of Representatives unanimously passed a resolution of regret for the forced expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo in 1846. The so-called Anti-Mormon Party, or, as they preferred to call themselves, the "Regulators," were bent on driving the remaining citizens out by force despite the well-known fact that most had gone and the rest were making plans to do so. 1 Subtle indicators imply the relationship between Warren and his brothers Levi H. and Asa was somewhat strained when he left Michigan. Everett joined the Army in 1843 and fought at the Battle of Nauvoo in the Illinois Mormon War. This is found with three other records in film It was there Smith was killed by a mob. The Nauvoo Legion was ordered to stand down by the church elders and not take part in the armed defense but withdrawal of the Saints from Nauvoo for the long trip to Utah. With growing antagonism from surrounding settlements it came to have as its main function the defense of Nauvoo, and surrounding Latter Day Saint areas of settlement. On 10 September 1846 a group of Mormons in Nauvoo, Illinois found themselves under attack and were forced to defend themselves against their fellow countrymen. Local commanders and members of the Iron County, Utah Territorial Militia, overcome with suspicion and war hysteria, perpetrated the Mountain Meadows Massacre against a group of wagon trains travelling from Arkansas to California in September. The Battle of Nauvoo was the final chapter in the forceful expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo. Despite this exodus, a Mormon presence remains in Nauvoo to this day. It was also under the auspices of the militia that the groups of men were organized who were instructed to burn down Salt Lake City and other parts of northern Utah should the invading army try to take up residence. Upon the revocation of the Nauvoo Charter in the winter of 1844–1845, the Nauvoo Legion was no longer recognized as state militia, and its members returned the majority of its government-issued arms. The so-called Battle of Nauvoo was one in a long list of struggles for the LDS Church as its members traveled ever westward in search of a homestead of their own. The camp was ravaged by malaria, … It is a frequently forgotten event in church history known as the Battle of Nauvoo, and it occurred after the majority of the Saints had left the city earlier in the year. It, however, was not as cooperative in imposing the colonial regime as federal authorities would have liked. Stillman and his family remained in Nauvoo until after the battle of Nauvoo in September 1846 when they were driven at the point of a bayonet across the river. 150 locals managed to rally to defend the town. Not long after the arrival of the Mormons in Iowa, in 1846, Mormon legionnaires volunteered to serve in the 500 man Mormon Battalion for the U.S. government military expedition to Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. From 1846 to 1847 Wells remained in the Nauvoo area attempting to negotiate financial compensation on behalf of exiled Latter-day Saints. Some of those who crossed in late February did so on ice, as the wide river froze solid in sub-zero temperatures. A few light cannons were also attached. Voter-conscious Illinois Democrats and Whigs (including Abraham Lincoln) passed a bipartisan city-state charter for Nauvoo in 1840. Rather than employ the Legion to protect Nauvoo from increased mob violence, Young directed Nauvoo's tens of thousands of citizens to migrate peacefully to the western part of the continent which wasn't yet part of the United States and they founded the territory of Utah. They arrived in Nauvoo on February 13, 1846 with a group of 70 families of saints from Michigan led by Elder Serrine. The Battle Of Nauvoo. Neither the Legion nor any other Mormon troops participated in the main theaters of the war, and the Legion's involvement ended in 1862, after Congress had passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act.[5]. Devery Scott Anderson, The Nauvoo Endowment Companies, 1845-1846: A Documentary History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 2005), p. 447, citing "General Record of the Seventies. During the American Civil War, federal troops either were withdrawn from Utah, or in many cases left to join the rebellion, Johnston who had led the invading federal army being among the latter group. The bronze 4 pounder was found to have the crest of King Carlos 3 of Spain. Rather than employ the Le… [citation needed]. The 4 pound Spanish bronze is in the Mormon Battalion Visitor Center in San Diego, Calif. Many of them took time to pan for gold and they were quite successful. These were thought at that time to have come from Sutter's purchase of the Russian Fort Ross and to have been either Russian or French cannons. Supposedly, this was to elevate the social status and official standing of some members of the city. He organized the first Mormon militia group known as the "Armies of Israel" to protect his people. By sniping from the surrounding woodlands guerilla style, the Mormons managed to fend off the mob for an entire week. Impatient to get the remainder of the Mormons from Nauvoo, the Anti-Mormon Party again marshaled their forces and attacked the city that now had only the poorest and weakest Mormons and approximately 200 new citizens. While in Nauvoo, a gun in the hands p. 226 of a militia officer was recognized by William Pickett as belonging to one of the harvesters. Tribulations and hardships were many as the winter set in early and the Mormon refugees were without the proper food, clothing and shelter. Formed as a new religion expanding on the gospel of current churches, the LDS Church, more commonly known as Mormons, faced persecution and prejudice as they struggled to find their own Kingdom of God on earth. Joseph Smith himself was Nauvoo's second mayor, and the Nauvoo court martial also appointed him as highest-ranking officer of the Legion, a Lieutenant General. After the exodus started on February 4, 1846, and the Nauvoo War, which drove the remaining Saints out, began in September 1846, the town was left with almost no population. On 10 September 1846 a group of Mormons in Nauvoo, Illinois found themselves under attack and were forced to defend themselves against their fellow countrymen. Soon thereafter, the Nauvoo charter was revoked, and the Nauvoo Legion lost its official sanction as an arm of the Illinois militia.[1]. Though the Mormons had been expelled from Illinois, delegates discussed building a monument that would immortalize non-Mormon deeds and be a fitting tribute to the "six brave men who had lost their In 1848 Wells arrived in the Utah Territory and began working toward the organization of the State of Deseret. The exodus of the Church from Nauvoo to Iowa began in the winter of 1845-46, and continued until after the Battle of Nauvoo (Sept. 12-17, 1846). The final use of the Legion was in Utah's Black Hawk War 1865–1872 when over 2,500 troops were dispatched against Indians led by Antonga Black Hawk. The Federal government made a reconciliatory approach to Brigham Young, requesting his help. Among these was the authority to create a "body of independent militarymen". Camp of Israel schedules and reports 1845-1849 (Salt Lake City, Utah: Church History Library), entry for William Sommerville, folder "Companies of 10 reports, 1846 April" (#7), image 3, line 14. In the 1849 conflicts with Native Americans in Utah County, such as the attack at Battle Creek, Utah and Battle at Fort Utah, foreshadowed the 1853–1854 Walker War between the Nauvoo Legion and Indians led by Chief Walkara ("Walker"). Records for the weapons issued to the other companies are missing. The valiant defense of the Saints is thus described by Bancroft: On the 10th of September the posse, now more than a thousand strong, with wagons, equipments, and every preparation for a campaign, approached Nauvoo and encamped at … Elle fut fondée en 1840 par les mormons qui y construisirent un temple, mais en furent expulsés en 1846. By Sharon Lindbloom 13 February 2017. Sutter wrote a letter to the pioneer society in the 1870s where he said that his cannons, except for one Russian 4 pounder, which he donated to a museum in San Francisco, were all Spanish guns. Depleted of its official status, remnants assumed roles such as guardians of the handcart and wagon companies heading west after being reorganized by Hosea Stout on September 22, 1846, as they amassed on the other side of the Mississippi River in the territory of Iowa where the citizens of Nauvoo were safe from attack by mobs and Illinois and Missouri militia, and waited for winter to end so they could migrate (citation needed). [citation needed]. One hundred seventy-one years ago, on February 4, 1846, the greatest western human migration began with the exodus of Nauvoo, Illinois. The is a copy of it in front of the center. The Nauvoo Legion was a state-authorized militia of the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, United States. When the Mormon Battalion was enlisted in July, 1846, about 450 Model 1816 muskets were issued to the infantry. Their temple, once ransacked and defiled, also remains to this day, marking the starting point of yet another trail of persecution in America. Earl Walrath, left, of Keokuk, Iowa, digs for artifacts of the 1846 Battle of Nauvoo as Steven Smith, of Lamoni, Iowa, searches the field Saturday in Nauvoo. After the Saints left Illinois, the temple was destroyed by fire and a tornado. authorized permission to impose martial law from the Governor of Illinois. “Ugly carnivals” – At Least 20,000 Women Had Their Heads Shaved After Liberation, Crew Finds USS Hornet in a Graveyard of WWII Ships, French Couple Discovered WWII Cache of Weapons Hidden in Their Home, Live Like a Bond Villain, 3 Remote Napoleonic-Era Forts For Sale, Fossil Actually a Wartime Grenade: Explodes in Civilian’s Kitchen Sink, Eleven Military Uniforms That Got Soldiers Killed, ‘Barn Finds’, Mosquito, P-51 & Others, The Aviation Equivalent of Aladdin’s Cave, Out of fuel: Pilot Landed on a Container Ship – The Ship Claimed the Plane Under Salvage Rights (Watch), Attack of the Dead Men! Stillman and his family remained in Nauvoo until after the battle of Nauvoo in September 1846 when they were driven at the point of a bayonet across the river. Also, the Harper's Ferry Model 1803 Rifle was issued in smaller quantities. At this point Daniel H. Wells was the chief military commander of the militia. Between February 4 and March 1, 1846, … This flintlock musket was an American built copy of the French 1777 Musket Model. The Mormons surrendered the city–including their temple–to the mob. Young, Brigham, and Everett L. Cooley. On this day in 1846, Young abandoned Nauvoo and began leading 1,600 Mormons west across the frozen Mississippi in subzero temperatures to a … [citation needed]. of those living in Nauvoo. In 1847, Mormon leader Brigham Young reformed the Nauvoo Legion into a fully functional paramilitary force, which was organized into sub-units for each of the Utah counties as the Deseret Territorial Militia akin to their contemporaries the Army of the Republic of Texas and the Texas Rangers.[4]. Signed it into Law, granting Smith and the City of Nauvoo many Native Americans in... He organized the first wave of covered wagons ferried across the freezing Mississippi River search., this was to elevate the social status and official standing of some members of the 1777... Response to the other companies are missing nicknamed the `` Armies of Israel '' to protect his people 16 governor! Nauvoo Legion never gathered again, and in 1854 Brigham Young 's bodyguard and took part the. Smith relocated his followers from a hostile environment in Missouri to Commerce, Illinois, States! Carlos 3 of Spain it into Law, granting Smith and the City of Nauvoo par. 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