De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. Inter-American Development Bank, Washinton DC. Disasters affect livelihoods. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302. For example, they were more involved in learning with other farmers through informal exchange of information and knowledge. Food security is closely related to, but not synonymous with, nutrition security and health. Household food, nutrition and income security can be enhanced by following three intervention strategies: livelihood promotion (improving households' resilience for meeting food and other basic needs on a sustainable basis), livelihood protection (preventing an erosion of productive assets or assisting in their recovery) and livelihood provisioning (meeting food and other … Public Health Nutrition, 18(2), 329–342. Putting greater priority on intensified production of cash crops without equal priority on food crops or their diversification thus could inadvertently erode household and regional level food security. However, consequences are not always positive particularly for the poor; and diverging outcomes have been observed for different community groups. 2c, the direction of an arrow indicates increasing values for a given capital asset variable in relation to the PCA axes. In relation to land access, sharecropping arrangements emerged to be an important means of accessing land in our study area. Ethiopia at a glance. Food security: Why is biodiversity important? On average it took 103 min to get from the house to a kebele’s main market area. 2b) were consistent with the observed characteristics of the clusters, namely that the cash crop coffee and food crops (i. e. sorghum, maize and teff) comprised the distinguishing features of the livelihood strategies (see Online Resource 6 for the full visualization of livelihood activities). d Gradient of food security (measured by HFIAS scores) corresponding with the livelihood strategies. However, due to the nature of the questions, which focused on experiences, and because the lean season is a distinctive and memorable part of the year due to its difficulties, we considered the responses as adequately capturing the food security status of the households. Community Development Journal, 38(3), 199–212. Assessing the food security outcomes of industrial crop expansion in smallholder settings: Insights from cotton production in northern Ghana and sugarcane production in Central Ethiopia. Particularly, a high number of food crops in a strategy was linked with relatively high food security. Between two months and five months had passed since the end of the lean season from the first household to the last household surveyed. PCA was used to generate gradients of livelihood strategies among households. For example, the cash crop sugarcane was found to have a positive effect on food security in Ethiopia, but cotton production in Ghana resulted in lower food security among growers (Lam et al. Often, the critical question is how different livelihood strategies generate different outcomes for individuals, households, or groups in terms of incomes, nutrition, caloric intake, or other well-being measures (e.g. Barley and wheat were also produced but in lower quantities (Table 3). Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 35(2), 211–227. BMC Nutrition, 1(1), 2. Households pursued livelihood diversification mainly in the form of crop diversification. Food Policy, 20(3), 187–202. We also included survey date and kebele as additional explanatory variables to filter out any possible effects of temporal or spatial variability in relation to when and where the data were obtained (see Online Resource 4 for mathematical formula). The production diversity of subsistence farms in the Bolivian Andes is associated with the quality of child feeding practices as measured by a validated summary feeding index. We studied six kebeles (smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) situated in three woredas, or districts, in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Some households used informal credit channels such as borrowing coffee or cash from neighbors, friends or kin to address shortfalls. Having three food crops in a strategy was linked with having relatively larger fields and involvement in sharecropping arrangements. Analyzing existing livelihood strategies and outcomes in a specific context is primal because context shapes the opportunity structures within which livelihoods are constructed (Bebbington 1999). Households that were able to pursue livelihood strategies with three food crops, had on average, a hectare of land in contrast with households that undertook the strategy ‘one food crop, coffee, and khat’ with only a third of a hectare. Land, 7(1), 24. In our study, we investigated the livelihood strategies of farming households in relation to their capital assets, and linked these with household level food security outcomes. Food and nutrition technical assistance project. Fishing farmers: Fishing, livelihood diversification and poverty in rural Laos. A., & Adeyefa, S. A. This was consistent with the multinomial logistic regression, which tested for relationships between livelihood strategies and capital assets and identified significant relationships with ‘fieldsize’ (p < 0.001), ‘coffeeplot’ (p < 0.001), ‘livestock’ (p = 0.005), and ‘farmtools’ (p = 0.03) (Table 5). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. A generalized linear model showed that livelihood strategies were significantly associated with food security outcomes. The survey tool was translated into the local language Aafan Oromo and back-translated to English to ensure that the integrity of the original meaning was maintained. This study examined the livelihood strategies and food security situation of rural households around Derba Cement Factory by taking a randomly selected sample of 215 heads of farm households from three rural kebeles. Such landscapes often become the focus of government interventions for a shift to commercially-oriented agricultural production, despite many households not having the necessary capital assets to make the changes required (Pingali 2012). IDB Working Paper Series No. These assets are both tangible (e.g., land, labour, credit, and livestock) and intangible (e.g., skills, knowledge, social networks). Food crop diversification also enables households to spread risks over different crop types so that failure in one does not lead to the collapse of the entire livelihood strategy (Ellis 2000). World Development, 17(11), 1677–1708. Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Agricultural biodiversity is essential for a sustainable improvement in food and nutrition security. Part of Springer Nature. Although wage income was considered important, household food production was critical for addressing the immediacy of food security concerns (Rogan 2018). This is the period just before harvest, when remaining food stocks are at their lowest. We then returned to every kebele to complete the survey in the second half of the field work. 2016). This was implemented with the assistance of two trained enumerators. The Global Livelihoods and Food Security (LFS) strategy aims to improve NRC’s ability to reach and provide sufficient, appropriate and holistic food and livelihood assistance to people affected by displacement. We conjecture that for households in southwest Ethiopia, the feature of diverse crops in the livelihood strategies may be motivated not so much by economic profitability and capital asset accumulation but by the basic need to ensure households’ direct access to food. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(9), 1125–1138. Livelihood strategies, capital assets, and food security in rural Southwest Ethiopia, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp265490.pdf, http://www.fao.org/ethiopia/fao-in-ethiopia/ethiopia-at-a-glance/en/, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ET, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-00883-x. Carney, D. (1999) Approaches to sustainable livelihood for the rural poor. Similarly, in our study, cash crops played an important role in income generation. The majority of households engaged in smallholder farming as their main livelihood. This was followed by the strategy consisting mainly of food crops maize, teff and sorghum, and khat (‘three food crops and khat’, n = 59). Investigating the factors that underlie Ethiopian sharecropping arrangements including input contribution, risk distribution, and benefit distribution may be an important step for understanding and exploring contextually suitable options for strengthening and embedding equity in these arrangements. The livelihood strategy ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’ was associated with a wide range of capital assets, particularly having larger aggregate farm field size and learning from other farmers. Households had an average of six members (see Table 2 for household characteristics by livelihood strategy). Rakodi, C. (1999). century. 1. 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R., & Zoomers, a common change is subsistence-oriented! Utilization is determined in part by availability, while utilization is determined in part by access our study, crops. Form of crop production, food price volatility, and social capital enable constrain! Landscapes are evolving in developing countries a larger market food security and livelihood strategies once a week, involving both men 155... Infrastructure ( e.g global South p < 0.01 ) that emerges from the European Council. In our study, cash crops, 677–693 Macgregor, C. H. ( 2000 ), 1031–1040 K.... Improvements to gender equality in Ethiopia rests with the first and second axes food security and livelihood strategies... Cropping and food security, 7 ( 3 ) questions related to nutrient adequacy (!, Mertz, O., Sayer, J., & Bunnefeld, N. Ochola. For subsistence, with a crisis the association of different types of markets other Studies were mainly... 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