The Arch of Titus is a Roman Triumphal Arch which was erected by Domitian in c. 81 CE at the foot of the Palatine hill on the Via Sacra in the Forum Romanum, Rome.It commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus in the Jewish War in Judaea (70-71 CE) when the great city of Jerusalem was sacked and the vast riches of its temple plundered. Here’s a plan of the Basilica Ulpia, where we can see all of its major features. Little of the Comitium remains today but it was a key architectural complex for political and sacred events during the time of the Roman Republic. Our logo, banner, and trademark are registered and fully copyright protected (not subject to Creative Commons). That is the famous Mussolini balcony; that’s the balcony from which Mussolini made all his speeches, with his followers gathering in the Piazza Venezia. The first of these, the Fabian arch (fornix Fabianus), was dedicated on the Sacra Via toward the eastern end of the Forum Romanum in 121 B.C.E., commemorating the military victories (and family) of Quintus Fabius Allobrogicus (Cicero pro Planc. The Forum of Trajan consists of a large open rectangular area, a basilica, Greek and Latin libraries, and a temple dedicated to Trajan after his death. God who inhabits the woodlands,patron of shepherds ; saidto have invented the “shepheards pipes” “panpipes” or “syrinx” ... -Apollodorus of Damascus, forum of trajan, Rome-Restore plan and interior view of the Basilica Ulpia-Composite capital, from the Basilica Ulpia. We see the shops again. Important meeting spaces for political bodies emerged at the northwest side of the forum, namely a pair of complexes known as the Curia and Comitium. Just to remind you that it began to be restored–that is, the Forum of Julius Caesar–under Domitian, and that that restoration was completed by Trajan at some point during his reign, between 98 and 117 A.D. And I remind you of that here. View of the ruins of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augusti, c. 2 B.C.E. Dunham Professor, History of Art and Classics Re-thinking Judaism’s Encounter with the Roman Empire. So this is going to be the furthest extent of the Empire that we’ll see in the course of the semester. See "Terms of Service" link for more information. Trajan was restoring Julius Caesar’s Forum, at the same time he’s building his own. In the background are (left to right) the Temple of Saturn, the Temple of Vespasian, and the Temple of Concordia. And then you can see that is surrounded by columns. Seven Hills of Rome (image, CC BY-SA 3.0) Situated astride the Tiber river, the site of Rome is noted for its low hills that are separated by deeply cut valleys. emperor trajan. Now that was no small feat in this particular part of the city, because most of this area was occupied by a hill; the so-called Quirinal Hill, in Rome, occupied most of this space. Seven Hills of Rome (image, CC BY-SA 3.0), Situated astride the Tiber river, the site of Rome is noted for its low hills that are separated by deeply cut valleys. When it first appeared in 1756, the work established Piranesi’s reputation as an authority of Roman archaeology and … They existed, but we’re not absolutely sure about their plan. The Roman soldiers did not only do battle, but they also Romanized the areas that they went. We can see the semi-domes of some of the hemicycles here. What he did, however, at that time, was that he took the statues of Trajan that would’ve stood on this one, and Marcus Aurelius on the other, and replaced them with statues of Peter and Paul. And this is very important, because we know that Apollodorus of Damascus was responsible for building a bridge over the Danube River. 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This innovative complex was deemed one of Rome’s most beautiful monuments by Pliny the Elder and housed not only significant spoils from Jerusalem but also masterworks of Greek art that had previously been hoarded by the emperor Nero. One middle Republican development is the continued elaboration of the Rostra, the platform from which orators would speak to those assembled in the forum square. Baths of Trajan model / Dartmouth University, Creative Commons. 123-38 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). We saw it in the House of the Mosaic Atrium, for example, the clerestory, which is the opening up of the wall, in this case through Ionic columns, to see the vistas that lie beyond, and to let light into the structure. Pontoon bridge with Roman soldiers (detail), Column of Trajan, Carrara marble, completed 113 C.E., Rome (photo: ElissaSCA © All rights reserved, by permission). And some scholars have suggested, and I think very convincingly, it’s an intriguing idea, that because this was located between two libraries, the likelihood–and that the Romans had scrolls–the likelihood is what we are dealing with here is one of these scrolls, sort of wrapped around the column, from base to top, unfurled and wrapped around the column from base to top, with the text removed, with images instead of text. Incomplete at the time of Domitian’s assassination in 96 C.E., the complex was completed by Nerva in 97 C.E. The Romans are, of course, going to be victorious, but the Dacians are shown as heroic and valiant, and enemies who are pretty much the equals of the Romans in strength, which only underscores that the Romans were stronger still, to have conquered them. That’s not to say that Spain was the boondocks, by any stretch of the imagination. The implication: greater than Augustus. We should also not underestimate the psychological effect of these grandiose, soaring, bedecked complexes, based around massive open plazas, on the minds and experiences of city dwellers (many of whom lived in crowded squalor). And you can see that the façade is actually not straight, but convex, convex: a convex façade, which is very interesting, curved façade, with an elaborate entranceway over here. Inaugurated in 112 C.E., the architectural complex relied upon imposing architectural and sculptural features to glorify the accomplishments and principate of the emperor Trajan. The Forum of Trajan (Forum Traiani), the final imperial forum, was both the largest and the most lavish. So it looks as if we have the kind of scheme here that we saw in the Forum Transitorium, with that wall decorated with columns that project out of the wall, and that have projecting entablature, giving this undulation–undulating movement from projecting to receding, projecting to receding, across the façade of the entrance gate. So Trajan continues the Flavian tradition of bringing marbles from all over, from places outside of Italy–from Africa, from Asia Minor, from Egypt and so on–for the decoration of these buildings, and an interest in multicolored marbles as facing. And the Baths of Titus–well let me remind you first that the Domus Aurea of Nero was built, in part, on the Esquiline Hill. ​The column carries an helical frieze of historical relief that provides a pictorial narrative of the events of Trajan’s wars in Dacia (101–102 and 105–106 C.E. But only by the 11th was it made public that Trajan was dead. An ongoing point of scholarly contention is the position and appearance of this plan. This is a sign that things are beginning to change in the Roman Empire, as the Romans–as Trajan extends those borders even further. The Imperial fora represent important architectural landscapes in the city of Rome. So an incredible bathing establishment, and one that has taken us a step further in the evolution of imperial bath architecture in Rome, and will serve as the major model for the two most famous and much better preserved baths in Rome, and that is the Baths of Caracalla and the Baths of Diocletian, which we’ll look at later in the semester. (Rome: Stechert, 1906). We’ve talked about this a lot: the colonization of the Roman world, Trajan extending the borders to their furthest most points. – 14 C.E.) And then otherwise we saw here the rest of the precinct, with an elaborate entranceway over here. But Nerva recognized quite early on that, although he was popular with the Senate and with the aristocracy, he was not a favorite of the army, and he realized that was not a good position to be in, and so he wisely decided, very early on, that he would select the most popular military man and the most highly successful military man in Rome, a man by the name of Trajan, as his heir. And so Nerva adopts Trajan–and you see Trajan’s portrait above–Nerva adopts Trajan in 97 A.D., so that in 98, when Nerva dies–because he dies after only sixteen months in office–when Nerva dies, Trajan succeeds him without contest. This powerful visual narrative represents an important early use of public art to transmit ideological messages in the western world. I mentioned to you, when we talked about the Forum Transitorium, that Domitian also had his eye on this property over here. If it’s open–it periodically closes, sometimes, if things are falling down–but if it’s open, that’s how one gets there. But I’d like to turn from the Trajanic baths to unquestionably the most important public building that was commissioned by Trajan during his reign, and I can’t overemphasize enough the importance of this building in the history of Roman architecture. And that is actually the entrance — for anyone going to Rome over break, that’s actually the entrance to the Domus Aurea. R. Krautheimer, Rome, profile of a city, 312-1308 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980). I just want to show you one last monument, and make one basic point about it, that really has more to do with the transition from Trajan to Hadrian, than anything else. Additional landacquisition may have ballooned the total cost to one hundred million sesterces (Suetonius Divus Iulius 26; Pliny the Elder Natural History 36.103). Column of Trajan- patron. After this point, we’ll see that the emperor Hadrian consolidates the extent of the Empire, as reached by Trajan, and no one ever takes it beyond that. Apollodorus of Damascus, as we’ll see today, was an extraordinary architect, right up there with Severus and Celer, and with Rabirius: in fact, one could argue even the equal of Rabirius. (Historia Augusta – Hadrian 19.9). In the middle ages the fora were spaces re-used for building materials, housing, industry, and burials. The Pantheon in Rome is a true architectural wonder. That’s how good they were in building this, at this point. Column of Trajan scene of Roman soldiers building a fort / Wikimedia Commons, Column of Trajan fort battle scene / Wikimedia Commons. With regard to the plan of the baths, you will see that it follows the so-called Imperial Bath type that was initiated by the Baths of Titus, at least with regard to baths that are still preserved. James J. Clauss and Daniel P. Harmon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). And once again, how fortunate we are that we have coins that say BASILICAVLPIA, Basilica Ulpia. Here you see a series of these in a row, a series of these tabernae, with their attic windows, with their travertine decoration, with their sidewalks — a kind of mini city within a city. We have already looked at the Forum of Julius Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix. We see this here: “Dedicated to those who fell and to those who carry on” here. The advent of the principate of Augustus (27 B.C.E. roman high empire. Roman monuments were cannibalized for building materials and open, unused spaces were re-purposed—sometimes as ad hoc dwellings and other times for the deposition of rubbish and fill. Remember, after the war is over, they’re often given land by the general, or the emperor — it becomes theirs, and where they can live from that point on. The emperor Tiberius added two arches in 19 C.E. San Francisco Ferry Building marketplace / Wikimedia Commons. Viewing Trajan's Column was especially difficult from the small courtyard. The Curia emerged perhaps in the seventh century B.C.E., although little is known about its earliest phases. We’re again looking at that large hemicycle that served, with its seats that served for performances here. Temple of Venus Genetrix (plan), Forum of Caesar. These are not coincidental. The long sides of the forum square, flanking the temple, housed two storeys of rooms that may have served political and/or mercantile functions. Temple of Venus Genetrix frieze wtih Cupids, Forum of Julius Caesar / Photo by Carole Raddato, Wikimedia Commons. The bulk of the forum is accessible to visitors who have the opportunity to experience one of the great documents of urban archaeology. Headless statue and recreation from Forum of Trajan / Wikimedia Commons. One of the key tenets of Vespasian’s new administration was the restoration of the city, including the construction of new buildings and monuments. And then at the end, a temple. And it had a flat roof with a coffered ceiling, and you can see that it had a clerestory. But we’re not absolutely sure about its plan, that is, the Neronian Baths. Pompey the Great, a political rival of Caesar, had dedicated a monumental theater and portico complex in the Campus Martius in 55 B.C.E. It is Apollodorus of Damascus. This one probably was not used, for some reason; it was copied and never put up on the building, and so those points still remain. Look at the size of the people, the men in their togas, and the building itself. Lecture by Dr. Diana E.E. I show you a detail of part of a frieze from the Temple of Venus Genetrix that depicts cupids–chubby, winged babies, as you can see here, cupids–who are carrying the arms–you can see one of them with a sword sheath over here–they are carrying the arms and armor of Mars: Mars, of course, the consort of Venus, and Mars making reference also to military victory. And then up here, you can see another–just right up above my finger–you can see another curved wall, and there’s another one somewhere down here, that are part of those curved rooms, those hemicycle-shaped rooms, that are these lecture halls and meeting halls and so on. Spain had already been colonized by Rome and was very highly developed with regard to its civilization. Both of these sacred buildings are quite ancient and had many building phases, making it difficult to refine the chronology of the earliest phases. View of the capitals of the Temple of Mars Ultor, Forum Augusti, c. 2 B.C.E. Reconstruction of the Forum of Trajan draftsman: Pirro Ligorio (Italian, ca. There’s been a lot of speculation; there’s nothing like this earlier in Roman art quite like this. View of the Forum of Trajan, c. 112 C.E.. Later medieval walls can be seen amidst the grass on the left; the upright columns of the Basilica Ulpia can be seen on the right in front of the larger Column of Trajan. Again, the tabernae on either side; the opening up of the walls, with these incredible windows throughout. I mean, this sort of thing absolutely presupposes this kind of architectural development. And it’s Peter who’s on the Column of Trajan, and Paul who is on the Column of Marcus Aurelius. And then at the apex, we see a good view of the top, with a statue of St. Peter; but we have coins depicting Trajan on–depicting the original statue–the base, the shaft, a portrait of Trajan, a naked portrait of Trajan, a heroicized portrait of Trajan, depicted after death, divinized at the apex of the column. So it’s a good guess that Trajan had that in mind too. So what he needed to do–it’s great to have an architect engineer in your back pocket, so he set Apollodorus of Damascus to work. The greatest part, perhaps, of the Markets of Trajan is this building here. Your legions stand at the ready to march out and establish the largest empire the world has ever seen. The fora were initially built between c. 54 B.C.E. Pliny the Elder deemed the Forum of Augustus one of three most beautiful monuments in the city of Rome (Pliny the Elder Natural History 36.102.5). And then above you see that he has, unlike Trajan’s closely cropped Augustan-type hairstyle, you can see he has very long hair, and also a beard, and this identifies him as a very different–sort of boots that seem to be made out of suede or felt of some sort. With the deification of Julius Caesar, Augustus’ adoptive father, a temple dedicated to Caesar’s cult (templum divi Iulii) was constructed on the edge of the forum square (15 in the diagram below).

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